《自然》（20250619出版）一周论文导读

Nature, 19 June 2025, Volume 642, Issue 8068

《自然》2025年6月19日，第642卷，8068期

天文学Astronomy

Detection of X-ray emission from a bright long-period radio transient

明亮长周期射电瞬变X射线发射

▲ 作者：Ziteng Wang, Nanda Rea, Tong Bao, David L. Kaplan, Emil Lenc, Zorawar Wadiasingh, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09077-w

▲ 摘要： 最近，研究人员发现了一类长周期射电瞬变（LPTs），其发射时间比射电脉冲星长数千倍。该发现得益于广域无线电调查的进展，这对现有的旋转动力脉冲星模型提出了挑战。目前提出的理论模型包括高磁化中子星、白矮星脉冲星以及伴星为低质量恒星的白矮星双星系统。尽管某些模型预测存在X射线辐射，但经过广泛搜寻后，尚未在任何LPTs中探测到X射线信号。

研究人员发现了一个极其明亮的LPT（射电10~20 Jy）ASKAP J1832?0911，其具有同步的射电和X射线发射——两者周期均为44.2分钟。ASKAP J1832?0911高度相关且变化剧烈的X射线和射电光度，再加上其他观测特性，使其不同于任何已知的银河系天体。其可能是一颗古老的磁星或一颗超磁化白矮星，但这两种解释都存在理论上的挑战。

LPT的X射线探测表明，这些天体的能量比此前想象的要高，并建立了一类小时尺度的周期性X射线瞬变，其光度约为1033?erg?s-1，与异常明亮的相干射电发射有关。

▲ Abstract： Recently, a class of long-period radio transients (LPTs) has been discovered, exhibiting emission thousands of times longer than radio pulsars. These findings, enabled by advances in wide-field radio surveys, challenge existing models of rotationally powered pulsars. Proposed models include highly magnetized neutron stars, white-dwarf pulsars and white-dwarf binary systems with low-mass companions. Although some models predict X-ray emission, no LPTs have been detected in X-rays despite extensive searches. Here we report the discovery of an extremely bright LPT (10–20?Jy in radio), ASKAP?J1832?0911, which has coincident radio and X-ray emission, both with a 44.2-minute period.

Its correlated and highly variable X-ray and radio luminosities, combined with other observational properties, are unlike any known Galactic object. The source could be an old magnetar or an ultra-magnetized white dwarf; however, both interpretations present theoretical challenges.

This X-ray detection from an LPT reveals that these objects are more energetic than previously thought and establishes a class of hour-scale periodic X-ray transients with a luminosity of about 1033?erg?s?1 linked to exceptionally bright coherent radio emission.

材料科学Material Science

Vertically stacked monolithic perovskite colour photodetectors

垂直堆叠的单片钙钛矿彩色光电探测器

▲ 作者：Sergey Tsarev, Daria Proniakova, Xuqi Liu, Erfu Wu, Gebhard J. Matt, Kostiantyn Sakhatskyi, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09062-3

▲ 摘要： 由于光利用效率的固有局限性，现代彩色图像传感器在进一步提高灵敏度和图像质量方面颇具挑战。造成这些局限性的一个主要因素是使用被动式滤光片。它吸收和消散大量的入射光，从而降低了光捕获效率。相反，由于缺乏颜色选择性，Foveon型垂直堆叠架构中的主动滤光技术仍难以提供最佳性能，使其在精准彩色成像方面效率低下。

研究人员介绍了一种颜色传感器阵列的创新架构，使用多层单片堆叠卤化铅钙钛矿薄膜光电探测器。钙钛矿带隙可调性用于选择性地吸收可见光光谱的红、绿和蓝波段，从而消除了对滤光片的需求。 红、绿和蓝通道的外部量子效率分别达到50%、47%和53%，在ΔELab中颜色精度为3.8%，优于目前最先进的滤色阵列和Foveon型光传感器。该图像传感器设计提高了色彩传感器的光利用率，为新一代高灵敏度、高色彩保真度、无伪影成像奠定了基础。

▲ Abstract： Modern colour image sensors face challenges in further improving sensitivity and image quality because of inherent limitations in light utilization efficiency. A major factor contributing to these limitations is the use of passive optical filters, which absorb and dissipate a substantial amount of light, thereby reducing the efficiency of light capture. On the contrary, active optical filtering in Foveon-type vertically stacked architectures still struggles to deliver optimal performance owing to their lack of colour selectivity, making them inefficient for precise colour imaging.

Here we introduce an innovative architecture for colour sensor arrays that uses multilayer monolithically stacked lead halide perovskite thin-film photodetectors. Perovskite bandgap tunability is utilized to selectively absorb the visible light spectrum’s red, green and blue regions, eliminating the need for colour filters. External quantum efficiencies of 50%, 47% and 53% are demonstrated for the red, green and blue channels, respectively, as well as a colour accuracy of 3.8% in ΔELab outperforming the state-of-the-art colour-filter array and Foveon-type photosensors.

The image sensor design improves light utilization in colour sensors and paves the way for the next generation of highly sensitive, artefact-free images with enhanced colour fidelity.

Light-triggered regionally controlled n-doping of organic semiconductors有机半导体的光触发区域可控n型掺杂

▲ 作者：Xin-Yi Wang, Yi-Fan Ding, Xiao-Yan Zhang, Yang-Yang Zhou, Chen-Kai Pan, Yuan-He Li, et al.

▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09075-y

▲ 摘要： 掺杂是调制半导体电性能的主要方法，可以制造各种同质结/异质结和复杂器件。对于有机半导体（OSCs），通过开发掺杂方法和掺杂剂，其电性能得到了广泛的改善。然而，与最先进的无机半导体制造工艺的空间分辨率相比，OSC远远落后，这限制了复杂有机电子器件的构建。 研究人员提出了一种简单的光触发掺杂策略，并开发了一系列非活性的光激活掺杂剂（iPAD），用于OSC的区域可控n型掺杂。

通过紫外线（UV）照射将iPAD转化为活性掺杂剂，实现了对各种n型OSC的可控掺杂，电导率高达30?S?cm-1。使用iPAD可显著提升OSC在晶体管、逻辑电路和热电器件中的性能。

此外，在OSC中也实现了记录分辨率低至1 μm的区域可控掺杂。总而言之，该策略在OSC中实现了可调的掺杂水平，具有高空间分辨率，将助力卷对卷和实验室规模环境中的集成电路制造。

▲ Abstract： Doping is a primary method to modulate the electrical properties of semiconductors, enabling the fabrication of various homojunctions/heterojunctions and complex devices. For organic semiconductors (OSCs), the electrical performance has been extensively improved by developing doping methods and dopants. However, compared with the state-of-the-art spatial resolution of inorganic semiconductor fabrication processes, OSCs lag far behind, limiting the construction of complex organic electronic devices.

Here we present a facile light-triggered doping strategy and develop a series of inactive photoactivable dopants (iPADs) for regionally controlled n-doping of OSCs. By converting iPADs into active dopants through ultraviolet (UV) exposure, controllable doping of various n-type OSCs with high electrical conductivity greater than 30?S?cm?1 has been realized.

Using iPADs can substantially improve the performances of OSCs in transistors, logic circuits and thermoelectrics. Also, regionally controlled doping is demonstrated in OSCs with a record resolution down to 1?μm. Overall, our strategy has achieved tunable doping levels in OSCs with high spatial resolution, which is expected to be highly suited for integrated circuits in both roll-to-roll and laboratory-scale environments.

化学Chemistry

Coordination environments of Pt single-atom catalysts from NMR signatures

核磁共振特征助力解析Pt单原子催化剂的配位环境

▲ 作者：Jonas Koppe, Alexander V. Yakimov, Domenico Gioffrè, Marc-Eduard Usteri, Thomas Vosegaard, Guido Pintacuda, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09068-x

▲摘要：将原子分散物种与受控结构结合在一起的负载型金属催化剂处于催化材料设计的前沿。该方法可精准控制反应性，具有高金属利用率，且接近分子系统的精度。然而，准确解析局部金属配位环境仍颇具挑战性，阻碍了优化其设计以适应多种应用所需的结构-活性关系的进展。

尽管电子显微镜揭示了原子的分散，但在多相催化中使用的传统光谱方法只能提供平均结构信息。

研究人员证明195Pt固态核磁共振（NMR）光谱是表征各种载体上原子分散Pt位点的有力工具，即所谓的单原子催化剂（SACs）。蒙特卡罗模拟实现了将NMR光谱转换为SAC特征，以分子精度描述配位环境，从而能够定量评估Pt位点的分布和均匀性。

该方法可以跟踪合成参数的影响，揭示特定步骤和负载类型的影响，还可以监测反应的变化，为具有目标结构SAC的可重复性开发提供了关键见解。除SAC之外，该策略还为研究更复杂的结构奠定了基础，例如含有各种NMR活性金属的双原子或单簇催化剂。

▲ Abstract： Supported metal catalysts that integrate atomically dispersed species with controlled structures lie at the forefront of catalytic materials design, offering exceptional control over reactivity and high metal utilization, approaching the precision of molecular systems.

However, accurately resolving the local metal coordination environments remains challenging, hindering the advancement of structure–activity relationships needed to optimize their design for diverse applications. Although electron microscopy reveals atomic dispersion, conventional spectroscopic methods used in heterogeneous catalysis only provide average structural information. Here we demonstrate that 195Pt solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing atomically dispersed Pt sites on various supports, so called single-atom catalysts (SACs).

Monte Carlo simulations allow the conversion of NMR spectra into SAC signatures that describe coordination environments with molecular precision, enabling quantitative assessment of Pt-site distribution and homogeneity. This methodology can track the influence of synthetic parameters, uncovering the impact of specific steps and support types, and can also monitor changes upon reaction. It offers critical insights for the reproducible development of SACs with targeted structures. Beyond SACs, this approach lays the foundation for studying more complex architectures, such as dual-atom or single-cluster catalysts, containing various NMR-active metals.

地球科学Earth Science

Warming accelerates global drought severity

气候变暖加剧了全球干旱的严重性

▲ 作者：Solomon H. Gebrechorkos, Justin Sheffield, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Chris Funk, Diego G. Miralles, Jian Peng, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09047-2

▲ 摘要： 干旱是影响全球环境、经济和人口的最常见、最复杂的自然灾害之一。然而，全球干旱趋势存在重大不确定性。人们对关键驱动因素——大气蒸发需求（AED）在多大程度上影响干旱的程度、频率、持续时间和面积范围最新演变的认识有限。

通过分析1901—2022年的高分辨率全球干旱数据集，研究人员发现全球干旱严重程度呈上升趋势。该研究结果表明，AED使全球干旱严重程度平均增加了40%。不仅典型的干旱地区变得更干燥，潮湿地区也出现了干旱趋势。

在过去的5年间（2018—2022年），干旱地区与1981—2017年相比平均扩大了74%，其中AED贡献了58%。2022年是破纪录的一年，全球30%的陆地面积受到中度和极端干旱的影响，其中42%归因于AED的增加。

该研究结果表明，AED在导致严重干旱方面发挥着越来越重要的作用，且在未来的变暖情景下，这种趋势可能会持续下去。

▲ Abstract： Drought is one of the most common and complex natural hazards affecting the environment, economies and populations globally. However, there are significant uncertainties in global drought trends, and a limited understanding of the extent to which a key driver, atmospheric evaporative demand (AED), impacts the recent evolution of the magnitude, frequency, duration and areal extent of droughts.

Here, by developing an ensemble of high-resolution global drought datasets for 1901–2022, we find an increasing trend in drought severity worldwide. Our findings suggest that AED has increased drought severity by an average of 40% globally.

Not only are typically dry regions becoming drier but also wet areas are experiencing drying trends. During the past 5?years (2018–2022), the areas in drought have expanded by 74% on average compared with 1981–2017, with AED contributing to 58% of this increase. The year 2022 was record-breaking, with 30% of the global land area affected by moderate and extreme droughts, 42% of which was attributed to increased AED. Our findings indicate that AED has an increasingly important role in driving severe droughts and that this tendency will likely continue under future warming scenarios.

Drivers of the extreme North Atlantic marine heatwave during 2023

2023年北大西洋极端海洋热浪的驱动因素

▲ 作者：Matthew H. England, Zhi Li, Maurice F. Huguenin, Andrew E. Kiss, Alex Sen Gupta, Ryan M. Holmes, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08903-5

▲摘要：北大西洋环流和温度模式深刻地影响着所有时间尺度上的全球和区域气候，从天气到季节、年代际、多年代际和更长时间。2023年，北半球夏季发生了一场极端的近盆地规模海洋热浪，并在7月达到峰值。变暖几乎蔓延到北大西洋的所有地区，包括亚极地海洋，在过去的50~100年间，其降温趋势与经向翻转环流的减缓有关。然而，导致海洋表面异常变暖的机制尚不清楚。

研究人员利用观测约束的大气再分析以及海洋观测和模型模拟，表明作用于极浅表面混合层的空气-海洋热通量，而不是异常的海洋热输送，是造成这一极端海洋变暖事件的原因。其主要驱动因素是异常弱风导致混合层强烈浅化，造成北大西洋浅表层温度迅速升高。

此外，太阳辐射异常在与该地区一些主要航道大致对应的位置造成了区域尺度的变暖，这表明硫酸盐排放的减少也可能发挥了局部作用。近几十年来观测到的混合层变浅的趋势，以及对这种趋势将持续到未来的预测，北大西洋海洋热浪的严重程度将进一步恶化。

▲ Abstract： North Atlantic Ocean circulation and temperature patterns profoundly influence global and regional climate across all timescales, from synoptic to seasonal, decadal, multidecadal and beyond.

During 2023, an extreme and near-basin-scale marine heatwave developed during Northern Hemisphere summer, peaking in July. The warming spread across virtually all regions of the North Atlantic, including the subpolar ocean, where a cooling trend over the past 50–100?years has been linked to a slowdown in the meridional overturning circulation. Yet the mechanisms that led to this exceptional surface ocean warming remain unclear. Here we use observationally constrained atmospheric reanalyses alongside ocean observations and model simulations to show that air–sea heat fluxes acting on an extremely shallow surface mixed layer, rather than anomalous ocean heat transport, were responsible for this extreme ocean warming event.

The dominant driver is shown to be anomalously weak winds leading to strongly shoaling (shallowing) mixed layers, resulting in a rapid temperature increase in a shallow surface layer of the North Atlantic.

Furthermore, solar radiation anomalies made regional-scale warming contributions in locations that approximately correspond to some of the region’s main shipping lanes, suggesting that reduced sulfate emissions could also have played a localized role. With a trend towards shallower mixed layers observed over recent decades, and projections that this will continue into the future, the severity of North Atlantic marine heatwaves is set to worsen.